Aristoteles (384-322 v. Chr.)
Philosopher and natural scientist
Aristoteles is probably the bedeutenste philosopher and natural scientist of the evening country, surely however that with the most extensive aftereffect. Like that its universal work was one of the most important bases of the medieval Scholastik of Thomas's von Aquin.
Aristoteles was born in steam turbine and gas turbine system Irish Republican Army on the peninsula Chalkidike in north Greece in the year 384 before Christ. It came of to a medical profession family; the father was a body physician of the Macedonian king Amyntas. Also Aristoteles should become physician and in such a way went with 17 years to Athens. There it occurred the Platonic academy, in order to be following through twenty years pupils and teachers. On its relationship to Platon contradictory is reported. It seems that they were in some quite different opinion that Platon, which determined Aristoteles over 40 years older ones, not to its successor.
Platon died 347. Still in the same year Aristoteles went to Assos into the northwest of small Asia. A former schoolmate, Hermeias, had become in the meantime dictator and him there had called. It created a Platonic academy and married the niece of the Hermeias, Pythias. Already two years later however the ruler was fallen. Whereupon Aristoteles went after Mytilene on Lesbos. Perhaps its pupil and friend Theophrastos pushed it in addition - anyhow it collected material for its biological studies together there with it.
The year 342 brought the most spectacular event in the life of the philosopher: King Philipp of Macedonia, some Greece with military means, called him to his yard as a educator for the prince Alexander - the later Alexander the large one.
336 Philipp was murdered; Alexander began the rule. Aristoteles seems to have disturbed much at the political goals and at the whole Gehabe of its pupil; he was surely no friend of its great power props and also opponents of that eastern Gepränges, with which the young king surrounded itself soon. Thus it did not pull also, when Alexander applied 334 to large victories. It decreased/went back to Athens. There it created its own school: the Lykeion (today: Lyzeum). It was instruction and research establishment.
Aristoteles possessed soon its own library; among other things he collected all at that time well-known constitutions, it is one hundred sixty to have been. And it put on a collection by plants and animals that at that time admitted world.
This important researcher activity took twelve years. Then Aristoteles got political difficulties. Its relationship to Alexander worsened; more badly however it was that he was met with hostility in Athens because of this relationship to the Macedonian king house, which had taken the liberty to the city increasingly. After sudden death Alexanders expressed itself the anti-Macedonian tendency still openly; Aristoteles was accused the Gotteslästerung. He had to fear like Sokrates to death to be condemned. That did not mean himself he, when he said, it wants to the Athenern for the second time opportunity to give, against philosophy to versündigen.
Aristoteles fled after Chalkis on Euboia, where the Landgut of its nut/mother lay. There soon a stomach wrong attacked it; it died after few months (322 v. Chr.), 62 years old. Aristoteles is the largest Systematiker (i.e. system creators) of European history of ideas. Although its works are only partially received, they show “a closed, universal system of the research and teachings”.
The core of this teachings one encounters in its Metaphysik (which it called “first philosophy” and which the designation “Metaphysik” got later = “after physics”, because it followed in an expenditure of its works after the physical writings). In their it wants to recognize the being end at all. It states that only the particular is real. But this particular (e.g. a copy of a plant) cannot be used for the production of safe knowledge. In addition one needs constant. He saw this constant one in the “forms”. Ungeformtes is “material” and has not reality. But in each material a forming Kraft (it with Entelechie one marks) lives; it is carried out by its determination. Aristoteles created the science of the “four reasons being ends”; these reasons are: Material, form, purpose, an effect cause.
The further justified it also the abendländische logic, i.e. the science of the forms and methods of correct thinking. It seems to have controlled the entire scientific research of its time. Its scientific writings act among other things of the sky, of developing and passing, of the meteorology, over organisms. He sees the relationship of body and soul in such a way: The body is material, the soul is form; the soul moves and forms thus the body. The spirit however is unsterblich pure materialless energy and.
In its ethics he, the highest property of humans means is the luck blessedness. In all other respects humans are “zoon politikon”, “state screen end an animal”. In the modern times it meant for a while, it had stopped the progress as the highest philosophical authority of the Middle Ages. Long however we see one of the largest teachers of the evening country in him again.
Writings
Under that about 170 titles mentioned in the antique one from Aristoteles remained received only 47. It divided in
- Organon (“tool”), papers over the logic
- Physics, scientific work over astronomy, meteorology, plants and animals
- Metaphysik are writings over nature, purpose and characteristics of the things (there they in first published expenditure around 60 v. Chr. directly behind physics stood)
- Nikomachi ethics is a writing, which dedicated Aristoteles its son Nikomachos
- Rhetorik (kept incomplete)
- Poetik (kept incomplete)
