Carl von Linné (1707-1778) - der Systematiker
Species tot sunt diversae, quot diversas formas ab initio creavit infinitum ens. (There are as much different kinds, as forms of the infinite nature, different in the beginning, creates is.)
Linné became as Carl Linnaeus to 23. May 1707 in Råshult in the southSwedish province Småland born. The father, Nile Linnaeus, was clergyman. As a farmer son born, he carried first the names of Nile Ingemarsson. After the custom at that time there were no actual surnames, but one was called after the first name of the father: Nile, the son of the Ingemar.
With little joy Carl completed the school in the town Växiö, received private instruction by a physician and a physics teacher. 1727 it began its study with 20 years at the university in Lund, later in Uppsala. Still as a student it received its first employment as a deputy lecturer and demonstrator at the Botani garden. 1732 followed its first scientific investigation travel after Lappland.
1735 it traveled to Holland and attained a doctorate there in Hardewijk to the doctor of the medicine. When he found chiefs of a large garden plant of the banker Clifford in Hastekamp the leisure, his Hauptwerk, to prepare the Systema naturae (system of nature) which appeared still in the same year and made Linné with an impact world well-known.
To Stockholm it took up 1739 immediately with good success a practice as a physician. At the same time it created the Swedish Academy of Sciences with a circle of scholars and became their first president. Its marriage with Sarah Elizabeth Morea took place in the same year.
1741 were appointed Linné as professor for anatomy and medicine after Uppsala. Up to its end of life this northernmost university town of Europe was the center of its working for it. Convenient on the Landgut Hammerby, 10km north of Uppsala, he withdrew himself to the quiet work.
1762 received Carl Linnaeus the title of nobility and were called from then on Carl von Linné. Later it an impact accumulation meets twelve years, by which it gelähmt the last four years of its life and increasingly physical and mentally weakened to through-suffer had. Death on 10 January 1778 meant the release from complete helplessness for it.
In its Hauptwerk, Linné presents the three nature realms of stones, plants and animals to the Systema naturae (1735). Therein it described a new regulation method for plants after the structure of the bloom organs (Bütenblätter, Staubblätter, stamps) forwards. Still 12 further editions of this extensive and systematic work followed during its lifetimes. In rapid consequence still nine further, fundamental works appeared to botanischen systematics from Linné. Linné specifies, like recently discovered kinds to be described must (Methodus botanicus 1736), it publishes a bibliography of all relevant work to botanischen systematics (Bibliotheca botanica 1736), it describes the general principles for the designation of the larger groups in the Botanik, e.g. the large arrangement in classes, orders, kinds etc. (Fundamenta botanica 1736), it gives rules for a being certain nomenclature (designation) the Genera (Critica botanica 1737), in Genera plantarum (1737) describes it the application of its rules and the principles for the location of natural groups by observation of all characteristics of the flower crown, into the Classes botanica to 1738 describes it comparatively 28 systems, with that Flora Lapponica it describes the yield of its Lapplandreise, in the Hortus Cliffortianus 1738 incorporated it the partly exotic plants into the botanischen garden of its sponsor Clifford into its system.
Linné is today above all admits because of the introduction of the binary nomenclature for kinds (Philosophia botanica 1751). Each kind with a double name is addressed (like first names and surnames with us humans). The first name indicates the kind, second the kind (e.g. Homo sapiens). For the Zoologie Linné carried the same out only in its 10. Edition of its Systema naturae (1758). This date became temporally earliest priority border for zoo-logical nomenclature questions, during for plant names the 1. May 1753 as date applies.
After Linnés conviction näherbrachte the world-wide kind inventory admission the Systematiker to the goal of recognizing the original creation plan and of setting up such a natural system
species plantarum praefatio
nil pulchrius, nil magis utile et necessarium in botanicis desideratum et inventum est, quem systematica plantarum methodus, quae ignarum e vasto vegetabilium regno recta (via) ducit ad desideratam plantam eiusque nomen. quid umquam botanica vel quis botanicus sine methodo? plantarum nominumque copia tanta est, ut, nisi exemplo ab exercitus duce sumpto disponantur in phalanges, phalanges dividantur in centurias, centurias in decurias, nulla umquam habeatur certitudo.offeratur planta peregrina et incognita duobus botanicis, quorum alter empiricus systematum ignarus, alter vero systematicus. empiricus ille a facie divinare temptat familiam, omnem memoriam revocat, utrum eius modi plantam antea viderit, herbaria sua pervolvit, omnes libros, praesertim icones nocte dieque revolvit nescius, ubi nam inter tot milia plantarum vel in quo auctore hanc reperturus sit. systematicus vero sumit methodum quamcumque sibi notam, evolvit clavem methodi, collato eodem cum partibus fructificationis classem enuntiat, quo facto - ponamus 10000 specierum plantas dari - 9000 plantas seponit, inter quas frustra plantam oblatam quaereret; adeoque restant 1000, inter quas haec unica erit; evolvit deinde classem et inquirit, ad quem ordinem pertineat; eo dato 900 iterum seponit, ut modo 100 restant; in ordine genus inquirit; quo reperto una ex decem erit; species deinde secundum differentias distinguit facile, adeoque intra momentum temporis plantam maxime peregrinam detegit systematicus et nomine suo indicat, quam empiricus non per annos nisi casu expiscatur.
As conclusion still another place, in the Goethe over Linné expresses itself (in the history of my botanical studies)
Provisionally however I want to admit that after Shakespeare and Spinoza on me the largest effect proceeded from Linné, straight by the conflict, to which he requested me.
